Stem-cell Technology Advances

Un-differentiates cells are called blank cells. Grown in cell culture for few generations, they remain un-differentiated. How to know they are un-differentiated has been discussed in this paper. The embryonic stem cells have been used to recover many diseases by direct differentiation. Various mechanisms and methods described. The planning and policy situation of Stem Cell Technology in its country of origin has been reviewed. The pituitary hypoplasia diagnosis to be a stem cell defect. Foreign gene expression in embryos, transgenic and animal modeling for disease cure has been postulated, on the basis of research results reported. Various embryo manipulation, transfer of gene, nuclear injection, gene mapping, isolation and analysis of gene in future have been reported and discussed. Embryonic Stem Cell Therapeutics, Gene targeting, cell death, cell differentiation, programming molecules research has been reviewed. Mutation defects in mice have been related to stem cell defects. A 2 step process of gene targeting mechanism has been developed which help a lot in gene therapy and animal genetic manipulations.

Gene trap strategies and mechanism of its use for human and animal good has been briefly hinted at for future researchers to initiate new research mechanism.

5. Embryonic stem cell:

Foetal tissues- a source of embryonic stem cell can too differentiate into various cell types through three germ layers.

Embryonic stem cells (ESC) can be had from inner cell mass of pre implantation embryo and cultured in mouse embryonic feeder cells. Embryonic development after fertilization has been detailed ( Wani, 1996). After fertilization within 30 hrs zygote divides and becomes a morula in 3-4 days post coitus. A blastocyst is seen within 5-6 days, p.c. The 150µ blastocyst (1/7 th of a mm) has already differentiated into outer trophoblast (70 cells and inner cell mass, cluster of 30 cells). They are multipotent and rise to germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Maintenance of ICM cell lines, culture feeder layers under undifferentiated state in now possible by Leukemia Inhibitory Factors (LIF) addition to growth culture. Some of the figures 1-5 show schematic development of fertilized eggs. The research has entered an advance phase and we have many tests which can differentiate stem cell from differentiated cells. Various details are shown in table 1 and this phenomenon briefly represented in Figure 2. The Embryoid bodies are graphically represented in Figure 3.

Differentiation

ICM cell proliferate and undergo differentiation. The activity of lineage specific genes is the evidence of differentiation. Lineage commitment is infact the beginning of the differentiation. Thus totipotencey is infact multilineage expression now. The trancriptosome activity is thus a signal. Its minimal activity maintains the cell in open state. The levels are low but in detectable levels, so its standardization could help to maintain them?

Programming Molecules

A broad review of about 100 research publications in presented in these pages, under various heads.

Stem -Cell –Technology

Stem- cells are undifferentiated cells. The embryo at morulla stages has undifferentiated blastomers. These cells can transform themselves into 200 or more cell type, which could be used to repair or regenerate new desired cells. This advanced cell research may help diseased people like those suffering from cancer, Alzheimer’s disease syndrome, Parkinson’s disease and even paralysis.

The stem cells are derived from 4-5 days old embryos or fertilized cells. The stem-cell- technology has a new role to play in animal reproduction.

Firstly, the stem cell source could be pooled out of slaughter house oocytes or from the vast pool of embryos hatching out in many animal species.

Secondly, the cell source could be obtained from foetal culture and if new-grown-–immunoprotectant cell of foetus could help or provide germ-cell specific to any particular organ, the repair of organs could be a new revolution.

The Demethylases- reprogramming molecules present in blastocyst cytoplasm may be a positive factor for maintenance of open transcriptosome activity. Similarly, heterochromatin modeling and regulation could be negative mechanism. The inadequate knowledge of regulatory gene today hamper our understanding but tomorrow we could know switch off and on of these regulators & various interfering mechanism like methylation effects and SIRNA (Small Interfering RNA). In future, we dream for Genome shuffling i.e. shape of the genome profile. The gene profile like October 4 embryos & BMP4 etc. has already been identified. More identification is on; solutions are expected, through research.

U.K Cabinet decisions in 1990

Biotechnology in general and stem-cell-nanotechnology in particular is still not in its applied stage even in U.K. A balanced information system, inter-research council is suggested. Cabinet office (1990) U.K Govt. has started supporting embryonal stem cell technology. Manpower shortage in Embryo manipulation in cattle, protein engineering, animal trans genesis, stem cell biology is felt. Thus these fields are future emerging technologies to enhance livestock and agri-productivity. More and more researchers shall be attracted to this area, as more jobs securities are evident in industry related to stem cell technologies.

Mutation defects investigated

Agricultural and food research council of UK has stressed some of the scientific thrust areas like molecular biology, biochemistry, intracellular signaling stem cell biology, global climatic change and agro-based food production & safety. The transgenic animal modeling to develop disease targeting as reviewed (Wani, 2007) has been the main focus of human disease cure models in centre of genomic research university of Edinburgh. The focus has been on use of transgenic in the fields of toxicology, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases, inflammatory and immunological diseases. Many neuropsychiatries, reproductive, endocrinological, embryological disorders could be evaluated and studied through these animal transgenic models. High priority in funding in suggested for initiating these areas. (Lathe & Mullins, 1993, Wani, 2008).

Animal breeding has entered an era of embryo manipulation, transfer of genes, nuclear injections, gene mapping, isolation and analysis of genes for future genetic gains. (Bul field et. al., 1994). This would have tremendous impact on animal related development. The detailed procedures have been described (Houdebine.1992). Insertional mutagenesis and mouse development have been reported ( Kuelin et. al., (1992). Various mice were generated with disrupted TAPS gene using embryonic stem cell Technology (Kaer-L-Van et al, 1992). Ruminant microbial degradation using stem cells were used to improve ruman feed degradability. (Goto et. al., 1993). Embryonic stem cells were used in embryonic stem therapeutics to generate various modes of Trypanosoma cruzi, parasitaemia, CD4 or CD8 molecules differed in interferon mRNA contents. This mechanism when moduled into theraphy modes may yield resistance, against Trypanosama cruzi or brucei (Rottenberg et. al., 1993). Bone healing was achieved through Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPS). These are differentiative factors whose principal function is to induce transformation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts and osteoblasts in dose-dependent manner. (Kirker et. al., 1995). Germ- line chimeras have been produced in mice. (Uchida et al 1995)